The Theory On Rainbow Formation And The Mechanics Of Them...

Rainbows and the mechanics of them have been studied since ancient times. Greek philosophers had some understanding of the role of refraction, scientists in the 13th century produced theories on rainbow formation, and in the 17th century, Rene Descartes sketched out the conditions required to observe a rainbow (Douma). There are two key aspects that affect a rainbow, and these include the altitude of the sun and the size of the raindrops. The colors of the rainbow are because of two basic facts: †¢ Sunlight is made up of the whole range of colors that the eye can detect. The range of sunlight colors, when combined, looks white to the eye. This property of sunlight was first demonstrated by Sir Isaac Newton in 1666. †¢ Light of different colors is refracted by different amounts when it passes from one medium (air, for example) into another (water or glass, for example) (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research). Determining whether or not the wavelengths will go through the raindrops or reflect depends on the angle that the light falls on the backside of the raindrop. Each rain droplet has a function in the formation of the rainbow. Sunlight enters the rain droplet at a specific angle and the rain droplet separates the white light into many different colors. This angle is a fixed measurement between your eye and the sun. What color that is refracted is dependent on the critical angle, the angle the sunlight strikes the back of the rain droplet (Mahlen). RedShow MoreRelatedA Rainbow, By Rene Descartes1743 Words   |  7 Pagesbe able to really discuss rainbows we have to know the mechanics of them, which has been studied since ancient times. Greek philosophers were aware of the role of reflection in forming a rainbow and had some understanding of the role of refraction. In the 13th century, scientists produced theories on rainbow formation, and in the 17th century, Rene Descartes sketched out the conditions required to observe a rainbow (Douma). There are two key aspects that affect a rainbow, and these include the altitudeRead MorePhysics in Daily Life13985 Words   |  56 Pagesissues. Wherever possible the subject content should be presented within a contemporary context relevant to the lives of students and within a historical context which illustrates how the scientific ideas were developed and the scientists who developed them. Aims To emphasize the importance of the process of scientific investigation as a means of solving problems in every day life; To contribute to the pupils’ general education by helping to make sense of the physical environment through scientific inquiry;Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesMexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing ofRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index

The s Candide And The Old Woman Arrive Of Cadiz, And Of...

Voltaire’s Candide, or Optimism is widely regarded as a work of the enlightenment period and offers a satire on philosophy, religion and current events (of the time). This essay aims to provide an analysis of Chapter 10: In what distress Candide, Cunà ©gonde and the old woman arrive in Cadiz, and of their embarkation. Firstly considering terms of context this essay will look at the way knowledge of philosophy and attitudes towards women illuminate the readers understanding of the passage. Secondly examining how narrative technique is used this essay will look at speech and the presentation of the narrator. Finally this essay will reflect on distinctive features of language and how Voltaire’s characterisation contributes to the meaning of the passage. To effectively analyse Candide it is important to consider its context, particularly in a philosophical setting. Knowing the entire work is a critique of the Leibnizian views on optimism aids in understanding this passage. The character of Pangloss represents opinions held by followers of Leibniz and Candide quotes his former tutor a number of times in the passage. Candide attempts to convince Cunà ©gonde and the old woman that â€Å"the new world is the best of all possible worlds†. Voltaire uses the repetition of this statement to mock supporters of Leibniz, as by repeating it in regards to a number of horrific scenarios renders it an almost banal and inane comment. In this passage Candide truly believes that the next place they arrive

Financial Accounting for Social & Behavioural- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Accounting for Social Behavioural Research. Answer: The financial information about the investment companys holdings that would be most relevant is the market value of the shares that it buys, holds or sells in order to gain revenue. A particular share has an issue price and the price at which it is being traded in the market that is the market price. The market price of the different shares that the enterprise currently holds indicates the profitability of the enterprise. The difference between the issue price of the shares and the market price is the point where the revenue generation. Therefore, the balance sheet of the company must be reviewed and checked in order assess the financial performance of the company which will indicate the estimated return on the investment done (Points, 2013). The concept of recognition in the conceptual framework refers to the inclusion of a particular financial transaction in the financial statements based upon certain norms of inclusion. For instance, a financial statement prepared on the basis of accrual accounting will recognize the revenue at the point when it is realized, irrespective of the fact as to when the particulars of that transaction that is the cash in regards to the revenue is received by business. On the other hand, financial statements prepared on the basis of cash accounting recognize a particular revenue or expenditure at the point when cash in real is expended or received by business in relation to that particular transaction. The concept of recognition would very well apply while checking the financial performance of the company as it would matter as to how the enterprise has recognized the revenue from dividends received and investment securities. The issue presented in the case is that the directors of an Australian company have prepared the financial reports under the Corporations Act and have declared that the application of the requirements of AASB 136 regarding the impairment of assets would not provide a fair presentation as because the resulting impairment loss of $80,000 is temporary in nature. Now the particular recommendation in case of such a situation is that the company should recognize the impairment loss in the income statement of the entity. However, the reversal of such an impairment loss can be reported in the disclosure of the income statement as stated in section 82 of the AASB 101. The impairment loss must be recorded and recognized. This is because the omission of such a loss may hamper the true and fair view, represented by the financial statements of the company (Hodgson Russell, 2014). The issue presented in the question is that the change in the accounting policies should mandatorily, be disclosed in the financial statements. As mentioned in the AASB 108, a change in accounting policy should only be adopted when the account balances in the financial statements provide a much more relevant and reliable financial information in regards to the entitys financial position or financial performance. The approach that should be adopted by the company in changing its accounting policy is a retrospective approach or precisely the retrospective application. This is because as stated in section 19 of AASB 108 when an entity proposes the change in an accounting policy upon the initial application of an Australian Accounting Standard, that lists no inclusion of the specific transitional provisions, that may be applicable to that change, then the retrospective application for the change in the accounting policy should be utilized. Now, in relation to the case provided in the question, the managers feel the need to change the accounting policy as they reckon that such is a much more appropriate accounting treatment. Therefore, it can be understood that the respective accounting policy will be covered under the retrospective approach. As revealed in the case study the loss of financial data due to the computers getting affected by virus make it impracticable to determine the period specific effects that the change in the accounting policy will have on the assets and liabilities. Therefore, the new accounting policy shall be applied to the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities (Carrol Laing, 2016). Now, in case of disclosures as the management of the company will have to be report the change in the accounting policy and the reasons that led to the decision making regarding the respective change in the accounting policy along with a detailed description of the areas where such a change has been applied. However, it should be noted that financial statements of subsequent periods should not have to repeat these disclosures (Loughran McDonald, 2014). Name of the company: AGL Energy Limited Current share price of the company: $24.990 Web link to the annual report of the company: https://www.agl.com.au/-/media/AGL/About-AGL/Documents/Investor-Centre/160828_AR_1587084.pdf?la=enhash=D41A3F2721F7C6978BB627E91339A8A13986DFAD References Carrol, A., Laing, G. (2016). Manipulation of earnings through correction of prior period errors (AASB108): An empirical test. e-Journal of Social Behavioural Research in Business, 7(1), 16. Hodgson, A., Russell, M. (2014). Comprehending comprehensive income. Australian Accounting Review, 24(2), 100-110. Loughran, T., McDonald, B. (2014). Measuring readability in financial disclosures. The Journal of Finance, 69(4), 1643-1671. Points, K. L. (2013). Financial Statement Analysis.

Reflection on Venediction Without Understanding free essay sample

But because majority of the Filipino was not educated, they could not see what Rizal wanted for all of them. They could not see what he was planning for our country and they did not see how it could benefit all of them, including the indios. Rizal is really intellectually excellent. He did not want to be separated from Spain because he knows that we can greatly benefit being a part of the country of Spain as a province. All of the indios will not be looked down since their rank will be elevated. If Spain has given us good education and better attention, there could be no revolution or act against the Spaniards. I admired Rizal’s intelligence.As a student who lives in this century, I can understand why our national hero did those things. He did not only think of the consequences of the action of the Filipinos but also their welfare after the proposed revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Venediction Without Understanding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I strongly agree that we must be first educated on how to run a government properly so that we can appreciate what it really does before taking it from the colonizers. Taking over the government without really knowing how to run it will make the matter worse. People will be assigned to offices which does not really suit them and by that, they can be making wrong decisions that can affect the whole country.Rizal knew that Filipinos does not yet have the capacity to lead its own country. Rizal was not entirely sided with the Spaniards. He also saw flaws in the way they run our country. They have been cruel to Filipinos, which Rizal did not really like. His family was one of the people who have experienced maltreatment from the Spaniards. He himself is exposed to it. Hailing Rizal as our national hero was right. Many had sacrificed their lives for our country but it was Rizal’s unique ability that set him above the rest. He opposed rebellion because he thought it could do nothing good to our country.He knows that attached to rebellion is criminal methods which includes killing people and bombing. He never advocated independence, nor did he advocate armed resistance to the government. Rizal fought for national unity but feared the revolution. For example, there are many children in a room, each of them wanted to go out in the yard to play but the teacher will not allow them. Then the children will just wait until the teacher gets tired of watching for them and when the teacher is tired of containing them all inside the classroom, the teacher would eventually let them out to play.That is what Rizal was thinking. He thought that by obeying the rules set by the Spaniards and by following them, the Spaniards will give them reward and that reward in this setting is by letting them enjoy being part of the Spain’s territory. Rizal’s novel had awakened the Filipino who was immune to the treatment of the Spaniards. It had brought up the reality of those times which was really terrible. Rizal brilliantly exposed how awful the friars treated the Filipinas, how Filipino people wanted to become one of the Spaniards just to be famous and how hard it was to live during those times.The released of the novels made the Spaniards angry because they were part of it. But whatever they did to stop the novel from reaching Filipino hands, they were not successful. Although only few Filipino have copies, it was already enough to ignite the desire to be free, from the bondage of the Spain’s rule, within each of the hearts of the Filipino people. Having read the document, it helped me understand more Rizal and his every action. I realized that every decision made by Rizal was really studied on every angle. He was really a brilliant man. He really loved the Philippines that he really sacrificed himself for us to be free.

Slaves And Indentured Servants free essay sample

The lives of African slaves and the lives of European indentured servants were very different. African slaves were African and the Europeans treated them like animals. Although the European indentured servants were also treated badly, they were fellow Europeans and werent treated as bad. Indentured servants were freed after their period of duty and were paid to do their work. They werent captured to be indentured servants they were often lured. Slaves were taken by force and slavery went on indefinitely.One reason why the African slaves were different from the European indentured servants is obvious because the Africans were African and the Europeans were Europeans. Therefore, that changed many things since they were different races. Since Africans werent counted as people they didnt have any rights at all and they were owned by their master. They didnt have any living space so about ten slaves would stay in one room with absolutely no furniture. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaves And Indentured Servants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our beds were collections of straw and old rags, thrown down in corners and boxed in with boards, a single blanket the only covering, O says an African slave.When it was time for the slaves to be sold their buyers would put them on a block and say how healthy they were and examine their teeth as if they were animals to explain how much work they could do. However, the indentured servants were treated a bit differently because they were fellow Europeans. They had rights, a few, but some. They even could vote if their masters permitted them to do so. After their period of duty they were able to do everything that their masters could do.Indentured servants were bought and sold but they werent examined like they were animals as the slaves were. African slaves and indentured servants were also different because indentured servants were freed after their period of duty. After they worked from four to seven years they were freed and given land, clothing, corn, and hoes. They couldnt be held more than seven years. Even though their masters tried to keep them for a longer time by convicting them of impregnating a female servant, they eventually had to let them go African slaves were never freed.At times their masters would free them but most likely they were never freed, they had to do dull and repetitive work all their lives until they died of old age or were killed by their masters. And if they were freed they werent given anything, no land, no clothing, to start their new lives. Finally, indentured servants were not taken by force to get on the ship they were often lured. The spirits+ (people who recruited indentured servants) found the servants easily.They would bring the servants to dinner and give them lots of wine to get them drunk and when they were drunk the would have them to sign the papers. Also children would be lured on the ships by candy. When they got on the ships they got allowances of bread with little living space. On the other hand, African American slaves were seized by force and no papers were signed. We were alarmed one morning, just at the break of day, by the horrible uproar caused by the mingled shouts of men The village was surrounded by enemies, who attacked us with clubs, Eng wooden spears and bow and arrows. + says an African slave. Also when the Africans got on the ship they had a tiny bit of living space and were chained to the ships from their hands and feet. In conclusion the African slaves lives were different from the Indentured servants lives. The African slaves lives were a bit harsher, rougher, inhumane and that treatment went on longer. The indentured servants lives were a bit easier than the African slaves lives and ended within a certain period of time.

Standards, Goals, and Objectives are very critical in enhancing the learning process

Standards, Goals, and Objectives are very critical in enhancing the learning process Introduction According to Lalley and Gentile (2009), having very clear objectives is one of the important components of the learning process. In this regard, the teacher should have clear goals that serve as the guidelines for the learning process. The goals will help the teacher to be in a position to have an understanding of whether the learning process has been successful or not. It has been postulated that there are three components of the objectives namely- conditions, behavior and criterion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standards, Goals, and Objectives are very critical in enhancing the learning process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conditions refer to the material that the students will either be availed or not availed with when the objective will be assessed. Behavior refers to the activity that will be manifested by the students after the learning process. Criterion is the standard that is used as a me asure to determine whether or not the learning objectives have been accomplished in the learning process. These three components of the objectives are very critical in enhancing the learning process, and ensuring that the students grasp the concepts that are taught (Lalley and Gentile, 2009). Learning Goal 1 In the first goal, the students will be taught how to write the nouns in plural. In this regard, the students will be taught on how to use the suffixes –s and –ies. Measurable objectives The objectives of this learning goal will be to equip the learners with the skills that will enable them to recognize the plural forms. Moreover, the learners should also learn how to add the suffix –s to nouns in order to make them plural. At the end of the lesson, the learners should be in a position to read and form plurals that end with the suffix –es. Additionally, the learners should be able to make a distinction between those nouns that require the use of suffi x –s to make them plural, and those that require the use of the suffix –es. For this reason, the learners should know that the nouns that end with ss, x, ch, or sh should end with the suffis –es in their plural forms. On the other hand, those nouns that end in y must change the y to an i and add –es. Standard addressed The standard that will be addressed in this session will be the WI DPI Standard (R6). This standard outlines the objectives of the learning process. It can be used as the benchmark against which the learning process is evaluated in order to find out whether the learning process had been successful or not.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This standard set it that the learners must demonstrate the ability to listen, read, view, and the most appropriate thinking strategies and techniques. This goal will be achieved since the students w ill be in a position to identify words that are in plural form and those that are in singular. This will have an impact in influencing the way that they read these words (Nemec and Bussema, 2010). Analysis of the learning goals In this lesson, the learning goal was to teach the students how to read and write nouns in plural. This is critical since it enables the students to communicate effectively. In this regard, the students can make a distinction between the words in plural form and those in singular. This will enable them to accurately communicate their ideas, which is one of the goals of this standard. In addition, this will enable them to distinguish those nouns that use the suffix –es and those that use suffix –s in their plural form. Learning Goal 2 In the second goal, the learners will be taught how to develop, use, and adapt the language according to the context and purpose. For example, the learners will be in a position to use vocabulary in the right contex ts. In this lesson the teacher will make use of flashcards to ensure that the learners gain an understanding of the various vocabularies. The teacher will start with the introduction of the concept of the multi-meaning words. As a result, the students will learn that homophones are words that sound similar but have different meanings. Objectives The learners will be expected to show that they understand the use of words with multiple meanings. Additionally, the learners should learn how to define and identify homographs. In addition, the leaner will be equipped with the necessary skills that will enable them to develop, use, and adapt language in accordance to the context and purpose. The standard addressed The goal in this lesson is to enable the learners to select the most appropriate words to use in a variety of settings. This is in line with the standards as outlined in WI DPI Standard (E2). This standard has it that the learners should be equipped with the right skills to enabl e them to develop, use, and adapt language according to context and purpose. The goal of this learning activity is to ensure that the aims of this standard are achieved. Analysis of the goal This goal is very important since the learner will be equipped with the right skills that will enable him to communicate effectively. Failure to select the most appropriate words in a variety of settings will result to a scenario whereby the students might not be in a position to be understood by the recipients of their messages. The learners should be in a position to communicate effectively using the right words and phrases in a way that do not distort the intended meaning. Learning goal 3 In this goal, the learners will be expected to develop their fluency when communicating using the English language. Consequently, the learners will be in a position to use the right diction, intonation and emphasis when communicating. To ensure that this goal is achieved, the teacher will be expected to faci litate a session whereby all the learners will be given an opportunity to read out aloud. In this case, the learners will be expected to manifest the appropriate intonation, phrasing, expression, and rate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standards, Goals, and Objectives are very critical in enhancing the learning process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Objectives The first objective will be to ensure that the learners are fluent while communicating with others. In this regard, the learners should use the correct intonation, emphasis and diction that will help them to communicate effectively. The teacher should stress the importance of reading every word accurately or correctly. Consequently, when the student does not read a word in the right way, the teacher should encourage him to reread in order to clarify the meaning of that sentence. In so doing, the students will improve on their reading skills. Standard addre ssed The standard addressed in this lesson is the WI DPI Standard (R6). The major objective of this standard is fluency. In this regard, the students should be in a position to select and apply the listening, reading, viewing, visual representation, and thinking strategies and techniques. This will enable the students to have the right diction, intonation and emphasis that are required to communicate effectively. Analysis of the goal Having the right diction, intonation and emphasis will have the effect of helping the students to communicate effectively. This is because failure to pronounce the words the right way could have the effect of distorting the meaning of the words, and by extension the message that is being communicated. By directing the students to reread the words that they may have mispronounced, the teacher will be impressing on the students to always read and pronounce the words in the right way. Learning Goal 4 In this goal, the role of the teacher will be to equip t he learner with the right skills to enable them to understand the context and the applicability of the text to the contemporary settings. Objectives The students will be expected to be in a position to identify the characters in the story. In addition, the learners will be expected to understand the setting of the story. This will entail understanding the plot of the story, and where possible relate it to the events that are taking places in the current world. The standard that are addressed The standards that are addressed in this lesson are highlighted in WI DPI Standard (R4). The major goal of this standard is to promote the comprehension capabilities of the students. For this reason, the students should be taught how to acquire, organize, analyze, interpret, and evaluate text objectives. This is because there is a very big difference between reading for pleasure and reading for understanding. By understanding, the learners will be in a position to retain much of the information that they come across while reading books (Jiang and Elen, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of the goals Sometimes, the students read books for the purpose of enjoyment and not necessarily to understand the issues that are portrayed therein. However, this lesson will help the learners to have an appreciation of the role of literature in pointing out the issues that take place in the current world. When the student are taught ways of ensuring that they understand fiction, they will be in a position to relate the issues that are highlighted and those that reflect what happens in the contemporary world. To enhance the efficiency of the teaching method used, the teacher will explain the elements of fiction. Students are supposed to learn the themes and setting of the story. Moreover, they are expected to learn the plot and the point of view. By having a better grasp of those concepts, the students will be well equipped to understand the stories that they read, and identify the issues that are portrayed (Jiang and Elen, 2011). Conclusion It has been postulated that the objectives are very important in the learning process. This is because they help the teacher in defining the learning outcomes. Additionally, objectives ensure that the teachers are focused in their teaching sessions to ensure that the students get the maximum benefits for the learning process. Additionally, these learning objectives help in clarifying, organizing, and prioritizing the learning process (Jiang and Elen, 2011). The objectives are important in evaluating how well the students have understood the concepts as well as giving them a chance to learn on their own. Reference List Jiang, L., Elen, J. (2011). Why do learning goals (not) work: a reexamination of the hypothesized effectiveness of learning goals based on students behaviour and cognitive processes. Educational Technology Research Development, 59(4), 553-573. Lalley, J. P., Gentile, J. (2009). Classroom Assessment and Grading to Assure Mastery. Theory into Practice, 48(1), 28-35. Nemec, P. B., Bussema, E. (2010 ). Learning Objectives. Psychiatric Rehabilitation  Journal, 33(4), 328-330.

Corporate Social Responsibility - A code of ethics Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility - A code of ethics - Essay Example Over the past 3 years Bibbyoffshore have seen a exponential growth in their business, the company now operates 2 dive support vessels (DSV's) with a third due to come online in late 2007. The company is now of such a size that it is able to compete with the larger existing oil and gas service companies who have dominated the market over the past 15 years. As Bibbyoffshore desire to attract more complex, higher value contracts, certain client expectations, such as the way in which Bibbyoffshore view their responsibility to the environment and society, need to be met. This is reinforced by Bibbyline' own mission to maintain growth whilst operating within their core values of: This management report aims to investigate the relevance of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Ethics strategy for Bibbyoffshore. Initially the development of CSR and Ethics within the Oil and Gas industry will be discussed followed by a short business case for a CSR strategy. A three year implementation strategy will be suggested along with a code of ethics and finally some concluding remarks. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the contribution of the business to the sustainable development goals of the Government. It is about how the business takes account of its economic, social and environmental impacts in the way it operates-maximizing the benefits and minimising the downsides. CSR is a voluntary actions that business can take, over and above compliance with minimum legal requirements, to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. (csr.gov.uk). Working within developing countries the oil and gas industry has the opportunity to be to be a positive force in generating the hard currency revenue that governments need to help reach national development goals. While a company is working in a country they invest and develop infrastructure, such as roads, that serve the community. This helps develop the economy of the country as supporting services such as material supply for roads is purchased within the country pouring funds into the economy. The oil and gas industry plays a key role in technology cooperation and capacity building. It means helping the host country to meet the basic needs such as infrastructure, health, education, training, job creation, and water supply. In order to

The Shawshank Redemption Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Shawshank Redemption - Movie Review Example He later escapes from the prison and reveals that the prison warden was corrupt. The warden then kills himself to avoid becoming a prisoner. Time and space are the main aspects used in this story (Dirks, 2012). The movie is an inspirational dramatic film and character study. It is supported by the golden cinematography by Roger Deakins. The posters used in the film display the power of home in bringing freedom into an individual. This film has themes that are connected with freedom such as the theme of hope and freedom. The main character is trying to free himself from false accusations through the use of his friend in prison, Red. The film is also a symbolic story of hope, companionship, endurance and redemption as the film ends. It had excellent cinematography and editing (The Shawshank Redemption). In this story, the, main theme is home whereby Andy is trying to escape from the detention center. When he goes into the prison, he wishes to start anew and forget about the loss of his wife. Prison keeps him isolated from the rest of the world. The posters on the prison cell represent hope and liberation which will only come from the outside world. The poster is what keeps Andy moving and desire to escape from the four walls. Sound is a significant aspect in this film. The sound of the cells, Red’s narration and music are used in this film. Sound is the reason while the story is existent. The movie also starts with a song and this indicates the relevance of music in setting the tone (Mainglar, 2009). The music is played depending on the mood of the scene. The photography of the film moves the practicality technique to shooting. The prison is extremely dark displaying the hardships found in prisons. The director wants the viewers to feel as if they are in prison. The other areas outside the prison are well lit because outside there is to be hope. When Andy escapes from the prison, it is raining, and when lightning strikes, it shows that he is free again. In terms of editing, the editing technique that is used in the film is the continuity. The pictures are absorbed into one another, and there are no random cuts. This is extremely compelling as it does not leave the viewer hanging. This film is extremely outstanding with its proper lighting, sound, and editing. The actors, Red and Andy, bring life into the movie by the clever acts. The involvement of the warden also makes the story fascinating to watch. It is full of prison drama. The director of the movie chose the right actors for their parts. The film does not depend on a lot of actions and exceptional outcomes. It, on the other hand, relies on its actors to do satisfactory work to make the film interesting. The use of narration also brings out an intellect of fate in the film (Mainglar, 2009). This differentiates it from other films whereby people use a lot of money and utilize unique effects to make the film happen. The audience is supposed to get to know any through his friend Re d which is misleading because the opposite happens. It keeps the viewer guessing every time (Mainglar, 2009). Through this story, we learn that friendship is extremely relevant and that friends should care for one another. We also learn that hope is necessary whenever someone is faced with a bad situation. Hope keeps people moving and doing things that are difficult. The film also educates us on the value of patience. Andy had the patience that one day he would escape from the dark place, prison. His patience

Global Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Hunger - Essay Example mbined aid of between $135 and $195 billion for the next ten years, which may seem like a lot but it is not, according to Sachs, because it would only represent a small increase in the gross domestic product percentage of each country. Sachs is a valid source on this issue, as he has worked as an economist for various institutions and countries and is even a special advisor to the United Nations on global poverty. Extreme poverty, which is defined by Sachs as having an income of less than a dollar per day, is a significant problem, as it is responsible for countless deaths worldwide each day and is solely responsible for the extreme living conditions in many developing countries. This book uses a number of significant analyses from Sachs’s own experiences, which give the book a very legitimate feel. Also, Sachs discusses many of the causes of global poverty and gives solutions to how these problems can be fixed and why the governments of these countries should listen to his th eories and implement these solutions. One of the main reasons for extreme poverty, according to Sachs, is that much of the world suffers from poor geography, poor road and rail networks, and/or poor healthcare. This makes travel to and from these locations difficult, which cuts down on the amount of trade that other countries are willing to do with that particular country. It also makes these regions unviable for tourism, which is a main source of income for many wealthy nations. This makes it very difficult to maintain any type of economic growth, as there is very little to build on. Even though â€Å"todays search for cheap labor has moved jobs from rich countries to poor,† (Landes, 520) the disparity between the countries remains. Without any immediate sources of viable income, these countries have become trapped in subsistence mode, which makes it nearly impossible for them to develop at a significant rate. All of the money that these countries do produce goes into maintaining what the

The car industry: Dilemmas

The car industry: Dilemmas 1. Introduction The car industry faces a crucial weight problem resulting from increasing customer demands in terms of safety and performance. This trend leads to fully equipped cars in all classes getting more luxurious and comfortable. To escape from this vicious circle car manufacturers are forced to take action in the form of lightweight concepts. Light metals are seen as a promising opportunity to decrease the weight of a car. An increasing use of metals such as aluminium in the automotive industry shows that there is still large scope for improvements. Using aluminium car body panel is just a representative example of weight-saving effort did by car manufacturers. Aluminium has some properties that make it ideal for car bodies. The strength of aluminium frame and extruded sections is approximately the same as that of steel. However, the rigidity of aluminium is lower than that of steel. That is partly due to the modulus of elasticity of aluminium that is just one-third that of steel. (1) The effect is that aluminium has a higher elastic distortion when exposed to the same force as steel. Therefore the simple replacement of steel by aluminium engine is not an optimal solution as it does not exploit the whole scope of the advantages of aluminium. New ways need to be pursued to make full use of aluminiums advantages as a light weight material, which means it can be supplied in various aluminium alloys. Although the requirement for improved corrosion resistance and light-weighting are significant factors for use low-carbon steels in the manufacture of cars, (1) this traditional material still has some advantage such as higher strength and lower price. Many kinds of steel and aluminium alloys can be found commercially using in producing car body panels. Each material has its own characteristic. 1.1 Steel Steel is known as an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight. (3) One of the main factors contributing to the utility of steels is the broad range of mechanical properties which can be obtained by heat treatment. For example, easy formability and good ductility may be necessary during fabrication of a part. Once formed very high strength part may be needed in service. Both of these material properties are achievable from the same material. All steels can be softened to some degree by annealing. The degree of softening depends on the chemical composition of the particular steel. (4) Annealing is achieved by heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate. Similarly, steels can be hardened or strengthened. This can be accomplished by cold working, heat treating, or an appropriate combination of these. Cold working is the technique used to strengthen both low carbon low alloyed steels and highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels. Only reasonably high strength levels can be attained in the carbon low alloyed steels, but the highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels can be cold worked to rather high strength levels. (5) Most steels are commonly supplied to specified minimum strength levels. Heat treating is the primary technique for strengthening the remainder of the steels. Some common heat treatment of steels is listed below: Martensitic hardening Pearlitic transformation Austempering Age hardening The recyclability of steel is brilliant and it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. (6) 1.2 Aluminium-based alloys In the Earths crust, aluminium is the most abundant (8.3% by weight) metallic element and the third most abundant of all elements (after oxygen and silicon). Because of its strong affinity to oxygen, however, it is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. Aluminium was isolated in small quantities early in the 19th century and it remained an expensive curiosity until 1886 when discovery of an economic method for its electrolyric extraction. Since then, the emergence of aluminium as a practical, commercial metal has relied primarily on the availability of electricity at economic prices. Aluminium is obtained from bauxite which is the name given to ores containing 40-60% hydrated alumina together with impurities such as iron oxides, silica and titania. Two steps are needed in the production of aluminium. First, alumina is extracted from bauxite. Second, use electrolysis to dissolve the alumina in molten cryolite and a typical electrolyte contains 80-90% of this compound and 2-8 % alumina together with additives such as aluminium and calcium fluorides. (7) Because the cryolite has a melting point as high as 1010?, the electrolysis of it needs a temperature of about 960? which wastes lots of energy and makes the cost of producing aluminium relatively higher. However, a new methodCambridge FFC which comes from the production of titanium, was introduced to China. This method use a NaCl-CaCl2 electrolyte which has a lower melting point of 520?, even lower than the melting point 660? of aluminium. By using alumina and liquid aluminium as negative electrode, the expanded reacting area on negative electrode allows the electrolysis of alumina to happen, which can theoretically reduce the electrolysis temperature to the melting point 660?. This research opens a new chapter of production of aluminium and will dramatically reduce the cost of producing aluminium some day. Generally speaking, about 85% of aluminium is used for wrought products which are produced from cast ingots. (8) The structures of alloys are greatly changed by the various working operations and thermal treatments. Each individual class of alloys behaves differently, with composition and structure dictation the working characteristics and subsequent properties that are developed. Casting aluminium alloys are also important parts of Al. Apart from light weight, the special advantages of aluminium alloys for castings are the relatively low melting temperatures, negligible solubility for all gases except hydrogen, and the good surface finish that is usually achieved with final products. Most of the cast alloys also show good fluidity and composition can be selected with solidification range appropriate to particular applications. (1) Casting alloys normally have mechanical properties that are inferior to wrought products and these properties also tend to be much more variable throughout a given component. 2 Study of possible alloy using for producing car body 2.1 Steel At present, low carbon steel sheet is most commonly used in car body production. Low-carbon steel has good machinability. Its strength and rigidity can fully meet the car body strength requirements, as well to meet the body welding requirements. 2.1.1 Low carbon steel Steel with low carbon content has properties similar to iron. Low carbon steel is the steel containing approximately 0.05-0.15% carbon. Content influences the yield strength of steel because it is a BCC structure and carbon atoms fit into the interstitial crystal lattice sites. (3) These carbon atoms reduce the mobility of dislocations. But it has a hardening effect. Because the interstitial carbon atoms cause some of the iron BCC lattice cells to distort, a high enough stress level must be applied in order for the dislocations to move. Low carbon is one of the most common steel and it is relatively cheap than most other steels. However, the strength is relatively lower, which can be seen in appendix. 2.1.2 Higher strength steel In order to reduce the weight of an automobile, it is absolutely essential to reduce the thickness of the sheet steel and compensate for loss of strength by using higher strength steel sheets. For inner panels, though a rather substantial amount of high strength steel is used, the percentage use is a little lower than in the outer panel due to stiffness limitation and insufficient formability. (9) However, the overall use of high strength steel is estimated to increase further more. The problems in press performance of high strength steel are wrinkles, surface deflection and springback, fracture especially in stretch flanging and galling on the forming tool. Until now, the average level of strength used widely is at most 400 MPa but in the near future the high strength steel with over 400 MPa may be used for the reduction of weight and in this case the forming difficulty will increase further more. (5) The thickness of a panel sheet decreases as a result of application of higher stre ngth steel. Many kinds of microstructural hardened high strength steel sheet are applied by automobile producers. Ø Dual phase steel Dual phase steel show lower yield strength compared with other types of steel having the same tensile strength because of mobile dislocations existing in the vicinity of the boundary of ferritic and martensitic phases. So presents low yield ratios. And thats why its elastic recovery after forming work is small and shape fixability is good. As it also shows larger elongation than precipitation hardened steel sheets and fatigue resistance. (3) Ø Trip steel sheet Transformation induced plasticity steel is also becoming an ideal material for car body panels. It has meta-stable austenite transformable into martensite contained up to 30% in bainite or ferrite and bainite matrix. Commercial Trip sheets have simple C-Si-Mn series chemical compositions. The simpler chemical compositions are made viable by stabilizing the austenite phase through distribution of alloy elements in the two phase region and concentration of carbon into austenite during bainite transformation. (4) 2.2 Aluminium-based alloy Pure aluminium cannot be applied to normal passenger car due to softness. Moreover, surface damages during stamping and handling are often subjected to subsequent surface hand finishing. This additional operation on the panel is usually inevitable. In contrast to pure aluminium, aluminium alloys contain solute additions which can markedly affect grain structures and particularly the microstructures within the grains. This in turn strongly influences the responses of alloys to working and heat treatment. Both crystal structure and microstructure influence mechanical properties. Slip is inhibited by grain boundaries, which are disordered regions, (and so small grains improve strength). Slip can also be made difficult by dispersing particles of another phase throughout the matrix. This indicates the typical hardening mechanism of aluminium. (9) There are some kinds of wrought aluminium alloys typically used for car body. 2.2.1 Aluminium Manganese Alloys 3xxx This series of alloys is non heat-treatable. The addition of approximately 1% manganese increases the strength by approximately 10 15% compared with 1200, without any major loss in ductility. This non-heat treatable alloy generally finds a wide application where greater strength is required without any major loss in corrosion. The addition of manganese to the chemical composition creates phases like (Mn,Fe)Al6 or (Mn,Fe)3SiAl12 that can be revealed by a solution of 10% of phosphoric acid. The grain structure obtained by work hardening or by annealing is usually revealed by anodisation. (8) 3103 is typically used for car body in the automobile industry. The composition of 3103 alluminium is 0.7% Fe, 1.5% Mn and some others. 2.2.2 Aluminium Magnesium Alloys 5xxx This series of alloys is non heat-treatable and exhibits the best combination of high strength with resistance to corrosion. This series also exhibits good weldability but when the Mg level exceed 3% there is a tendency for stress corrosion resistance to be reduced, dependent on the temper used and temperature of operation. (1) Magnesium is largely soluble in aluminum compared to the other elements, but the content in excess can appear as eutectic Mg2Al3. After cold rolling and annealing they can be found at the grain boundaries or after cold working they can precipitate on deformation bands. In both cases the structure can be revealed by an etching of 10% H3PO4. At the same time as Cr is a frequent additive in this series, Cr2Mg3Al18 may appear as a fine dispersoid. (8) 5182 can be used as car body panel. The composition of 5182 alluminium is 4.1% Mg, 0.4% Mn and some others. 2.2.3 Aluminium Magnesium Silicon Alloys 6xxx This group of heat-treatable alloys uses a combination of magnesium and silicon (magnesium Silicide) to render it heat-treatable. These alloys find their greatest strength, combined with good corrosion resistance, ease of formability and excellent ability to be anodised. This family takes the main advantages from the strengthening due to the precipitation of Mg2Si. So the etching will reveal the iron rich phases like Fe3SiAl12, Fe2Si2Al9 that are insoluble and the coarse precipitates or the excess soluble precipitates (0.5%HF). (8) Typical alloys 6009 in this group are used for car bodies. The composition of 6009 aluminium is Si 1.1%, Mg 0.6 %, Mn 0.4% and some others. 3 Study of competition between steel and Al Automobiles today are over 63% iron and steel by weight. (10) With rising energy and environmental concerns, as well as increases the performance of the car, vehicle light-weighting continues to be a prominent concern for vehicle manufacturers. At the present, more and more aluminium alloys are introduced to automobile industry because the aluminium alloys can normally meet the requirement but is only half weight of steel. However, both the traditional steel car and aluminium have their advantages or disadvantages on aspects of manufacturing, safety, repairability, cost, recyclability, and environmental protection. 3.1 Manufacturing Aluminium parts can be more complicated in their design because the high number of design solutions likes the castings available in nearly any shape. One casting can replace a complex part consisting of several steel panels. Consequently a reduction of parts up to 50% is feasible. (1) This again makes design, construction and production easier as fewer parts need to be dealt with in any stage of the design and manufacturing process. Aluminium car body has fewer parts lead to fewer tools and fixtures, which makes manufacturing easily and therefore saving working spaces and expenses. Because the sheets can tear easily, low elongation and yield limits of aluminium alloys make it difficult for stamping. This has to be taken into account when designing and building car bodies. Also a higher resilience of the sheets causes difficulties in keeping the tolerances during stamping for individual parts and therefore for the whole car body. (11) Furthermore, it is difficult to keep the body tolerances after welding processes since aluminium extrusions and cast sections behave unpredictably when subjected to uneven heat influence. The heat expansion of aluminium is higher than steel, so all fixtures need to be built more solidly and stable to cope with the higher forces. Extensive pickle treatment is necessary to create a weldable surface for aluminium car body. Also the finish of the surface for the paint shop is costly and requires a lot of time and knowledge since the sheets tend to get scratched more easily than equivalent steel panels and the surface of the sheets is liable to form waves. (12) The 6xxx series of aluminium alloys which has been used a lot for the car body requires heat treatment to achieve the demanded strength. The drying process in the paint shop is not sufficient as the conventional temperatures are not high enough. Hence, an additional heat treatment line needs to be installed to heat the car bodies up to 210Â °C for 30 min to harden the aluminium alloys. (13) This cannot be done in advance of manufacturing as it would influence the welding processes negatively. When using aluminium alloy as car body material, contact corrosion plays a much more crucial role as steel accelerates the corrosion of aluminium than using steel body. So that screws or other parts made of steel need to be coated. Otherwise holes in the car body are unavoidable when exposed to moisture. (7) 3.2 Repairability and safety aspects Nowadays, Crash tests have aroused the publics attention since occupant safety is a feature that is receiving considerable public attention. Automobile companies even promote car safety as a leading aspect in their advertising campaigns. Additionally, insurance companies set great store by repairability of cars as they cause a significant part of their costs. In some countries the expenditure per car for repairing certain types of damage is assessed and taken into account when the car is being classified for insurance. (15) In approximately 5% of all accidents the frame structure of a car is damaged. (2) This can be crucial if casting parts or extrusions are concerned as they cannot be reformed properly. They need to be replaced in sections or as a whole dependent on the severity of the accident. Cast aluminium sections especially are liable to develop cracks and consequently need to be examined carefully. Additionally, a completely different approach to repairing damage forces dealers to train their mechanics in the appropriate techniques. In particular aluminium shielded arc welding requires accuracy, practice and the appropriate equipment but not steel. This becomes a problem especially for small dealers as they cannot afford the necessary equipment or staff. (12) Also, tools must not be mixed up with steel tools to avoid corrosion caused by steel particles in the aluminium panels. A separate set of tools for aluminium is mandatory to fully avoid these effects. (14) However, the properties of aluminium offer several advantages to steel. Tubular aluminium sections crumple in the ideal way when subjected to impacts. They develop a crumple pattern that can absorb more energy than equivalent steel elements. Consequently with half the weight of steel an aluminium structural member provides the same safety. (15) 3.3 Cost It is obvious that aluminium is more expensive to manufacture than steel. The costs of a sophisticated aluminium car body are many times larger than of an ordinary steel body. This can be especially crucial when being applied to small cars as the margin there is lower than at luxury cars. Higher material costs, a more sophisticated handling of aluminium parts in comparison to steel and some alloys need heat treatment to achieve the required strength, are the main drawbacks. (9) However, the use of aluminium causes lower investments for tooling due to the fact that stamped steel parts are replaced by extrusions which cause costs only a fraction of the costs required to manufacture stamping tools. This is especially interesting for low volume series as the tooling costs here have a relatively high influence on the unit costs. Additionally, punch riveting and clinching consume less energy than spot welding and will cause lower energy costs. But the development of high volume technology for welding, riveting and bonding is a crucial issue that has kept car manufacturers from producing all-aluminium car bodies as it is accompanied by high initial investment for research, development and design. (15) 3.4 Recyclability Recycling is likely to become more important in the future as governments force industry to design fully recyclable products just as is an increasing customer awareness in terms of environmental protection and hence a growing demand for eco-friendly products. To preserve the quality of the recycled material the different alloys must not be mixed up. This is especially crucial for the production of extrusions and sheets out of recycling aluminium alloys as they have lower tolerance levels of impurities than steel. Additionally, they can only be recovered if they are not mixed with cast parts. (6) Therefore, joined aluminium alloys panels with different alloys cause problems. Also panels that are joined with steel parts like rivets make recycling problematic since steel parts need to be removed to keep the number of foreign substances low. (6) This becomes more difficult as aluminium cannot be magnetically separated from other wastes. In order to recycle aluminium only a fraction of the original energy consumption is needed, even less than for recycling steel. 3.5 Environmental protection The environmental issues of different materials can be assessed by a comparison of the energy household of an aluminium and steel-made car during production and over their whole lives. Only having regard to all processes that cause energy consumption during production and operating life can an accurate result be given of the eco-friendliness of a car. It includes material cycles and the amounts of energy needed to produce and maintain a car during operating life time, including fuel. (15) If primary material is used, aluminium starts with a drawback of an additional energy consumption during production. Compared with steel, far higher amounts of energy are needed to produce lightweight metals like aluminium. For illustration, a car could achieve a weight reduction of 20 kg by the intensive use of aluminium alloys body other than the steel one. The additional energy consumed could be compensated after 3500 miles. After having covered this distance, the energy comparison works in favour of aluminium. A further comparison can be made in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. If primary aluminium is used it takes 60000 miles until the lighter aluminium auto has compensated the higher CO2 emission during production. However, when the proportion of recycled, secondary aluminium exceeds 75% the CO2 emission household is positive for aluminium from the first instance. (1) 4 Summary Considering the energy and environmental issues, using light weight metal for car bodies will be the trends in the near future. However, the traditional steel products still have the advantage of price and easy for manufacturing. Apart from luxuries cars already using light metal bodies, steel car bodies still take a large part of auto body market for it cheaper price and relatively better mechanical properties.

Church And State :: essays research papers fc

Church and State The theory of evolution is at odds with the views of many religions, and many people want to allow a religious view of creationism to be taught in the public school system. The foundation of evolution is based upon the belief that the origin of all ordered complex systems, including living creatures, can be explained by natural laws without the initiation or intervention of God. A person who believes in the biblical model of creation is viewed by some non- believers as a naive, narrow-minded religious fanatic who is not willing to look at the observable evidence with an open mind. Because the evolutionary idea of origins has been so widely accepted by the scientific community, many people have reasoned that the creation model should be completely rejected without fairly examining its claims. Even many Christians who have deep trust and faith in the Bible have never really understood the claims of the creation account (McLean 11). Over the past several years, a great deal of controversy surrounding the creation-evolution issue has been generated by scientists who have based their claims on the creation model and have been willing to let their reputations stand. Creationists have openly requested that when the discussion of origins occurs in the public school system, both the model of creation and evolution be presented side by side. Initially, scientists and educators who have accepted the theory of evolution without question were reluctant to pay any serious attention to creationism; however, it has now become apparent that substantial numbers of people are taking creationism seriously. Many evolutionists view this trend as a serious threat to the advancement of science and have vowed to do everything in their power to stop the teaching of creation in the public school system. Most evolutionists now view creationism as nothing more than a particular version of fundamentalist Christianity with no valid scientific content. One hundred-fifty years ago such a theory for the origin and history of the earth and life would have been termed absurd. Today, however, those who reject the idea of random evolutionary processes being responsible for designing life and shaping the geological features of the earth are termed religious, unscientific fanatics. Today, throughout the industrialized world, the moment children are able to respond to their environment, they are constantly bombarded with the doctrine of evolution. Faith in the biblical concept of creation by the hand of God is ridiculed and rejected by the secular system of education. Humanistic thinking widely accepts evolution as fact, even though "The all-too frequent picture of evolution as a progression from ameba to man, is, and always has been, utterly

You Get Stronger While Facing Difficulties

Our society is consistently changing. Different generations of people may have different kinds of life. Since my mother and I grew in different environments, we may have different set of values. I have had interview with my mother who grew up in an environment which is different from mine, and I found that our personal history, sense of cultural and social history are very different. Although she grew up in a relatively poor environment, she still succeeds due to her hard work. My mother was born in Hong Kong. She has two brothers and two sisters. At the time when she was a child, Hong Kong was not a rich city.The majority of people were poor. In my mother's family, since there are five children, they did not have sufficient income to maintain their lives. In this case, my mother needed to get a part-time Job after school in order to reduce the family financial burden. According to my mother, she always worked till 11 pm every day. She added † [This was really very hard. ] At t hat time, there were only a few ways to entertain. When my mother had spear time, she usually listened to the radio. She always said that Refortifies † [At that time I was bored. I could only listen to the radio when I had time. When comparing to her, I grew up in an environment which had many kinds of entertainment. Watching television, playing computer games and surfing the Internet are major types of activities that we do after school. Since Hong Kong is richer when compared to the past, most of the kids do not need to get part-time Jobs. These show that we grew up in different environment. Obviously, my mother faced more difficulties than me. Besides that, my mother thought that she was like living in a reign country. In terms of race, more than 90% of Hong Kong people are Chinese.However, since Hong Kong was a British colony before 1997, our national identity was not clear. According to my mother, every time she traveled to another place, she had to say her nationality wa s British, although her race is Chinese. She always said -3–t%-o [It strange. ] She added m, was in a place where the majority of the populations are Chinese. However, this place was ruled by another country. I was like living in foreign country. ] Luckily, since the majority of the populations were Chinese, my mother could still participate in a home country traditions. Clammed. L could still celebrate Chinese festivals such as Lunar New Year; I could also eat Chinese food everywhere. ]According to my mother, racism problem in Hong Kong still existed when she was young, although it was not serious. â€Å"she said. [People usually thought that White people were more superior. ] Apart from that, before 1997, Hong Kong was a British colony in which English was the only official language in the city. According to my mother, all the subjects at school were aught in English, [l have to read English book every day because all the textbooks were in English. She added, tiff, [In thi s case, I needed to learn an additional language other than Chinese. ] On the other hand, Chinese songs were very common. My mother quite enjoyed listening to Chinese songs. She said there were local Cantonese songs and Mandarin songs from Taiwan. When compared, nowadays the importance of English in Hong Kong has declined. There are more and more high schools use Chinese as medium of instruction. In other words, nowadays Hong Kong is more likely to be a Chinese city. In terms of culture, now it is â€Å"easier† to live in Hong Kong than before.Although my mother faced some cultural difficulties before, she tried her best to deal with it. Therefore, she can have a better life nowadays. Last but not least, my mother faced a lot of social problem when she was a child. She really concerned about social issues when she was a child. She said † [l am not a recent immigrant; I was born in Hong Kong. I should be more concern about social issues. ] According to my mother, there w ere many social problems. For example, at the time when she was a child, the irruption problem was quite serious.My mother said that the police department was the most corrupted department in the government. â€Å"Г*, † she claimed. [At that time, the majority of people hated police very much. ] Furthermore, the housing problem in Hong Kong was also very serious. My mother said, † [At that time, many people lived in squatter areas. ] She added, [l was comparatively luckier because I could live in public housing estate. ] When compared, due to the establishment of Independent Commission Against Corruption (IAC) in 1974, at the present, the corruption problem has been greatly improved.Besides that, since Hong Kong people are richer than before, they can live in tall buildings instead of living in squatter areas. Although my mother did not live in a good environment, she did not give up, so she can succeeds and have a better life at present. In conclusion, the growing environment of my mother and me are really different. She grew up in a relatively difficult and poor environment. Although she faced many problems, she did not give up. Working hard to solve all the problems that she faced, now she can have a better life. This positive attitude should be learned.

Definition and Examples of Complement Clauses

Definition and Examples of Complement Clauses In English grammar, a complement clause is a  subordinate clause that serves to complete the meaning of a noun or verb in a sentence. Also known as a complement phrase (abbreviated as CP). Complement clauses are generally introduced by subordinating conjunctions (also known as complementizers) and contain the typical elements of clauses: a verb (always), a subject (usually), and direct and indirect objects (sometimes). Observations and Examples A  complement clause is  a clause which is used as the complement of some other word (typically as the complement of a verb, adjective or noun). Thus, in a sentence such as He never expected that she would come, the clause that she would come serves as the complement of the verb expected, and so is a complement clause.(Andrew Radford,  Syntax: A Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1997)Complement Clauses as Noun ClausesComplement clauses can be that-clauses, wh-clauses, ing-clauses or infinitive clauses. The most common type is a complement clause following a verb. . . . In versions of grammar that use the concept of complement clause, it largely or entirely replaces the concept of nominal clause (or noun clause) referring to a clause that can occur in positions where noun phrases occur. For example, in Id like to carry on, the infinitive complement clause is the object of the main clause, filling a position where a noun phrase could occur.(Geoffrey N. Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh University Press, 2006) Types of Complement ClausesRecently, linguists working in the influential theory known as generative grammar have used the term complement to refer to variously closely related kinds of subordinate clause, namely:Subordinate clauses which on their own serve as the direct object of verbs such as believe, tell, say, know, and understand; the subordinate clauses are the complements of these verbs.Subordinate clauses which modify various nouns such as story, rumour,  and fact, and adjectives such as proud, happy, and sad; the subordinate clauses are the complements of these nouns and adjectives.Subordinate clauses which on their own act as the subject of sentences with such predicates as be a pity, be a nuisance, be unfortunate, seem, and happen. These clauses are called subject complements or subject complement clauses.. . . Sometimes the term complement clause is extended to the adverbial type of subordinate clause as well.(James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge Unive rsity Press, 1994) Examples- You may call me Bob. From now on, I am Bob. I can assure you that Bob is quite proficient at electronic data manipulation. Without question one of the worlds finest.(Ted Dekker, Heavens Wager. WestBow Press, 2000)- Imagine that Frank is a fan of his towns soccer club. He always wears the same shirt when he watches his club play. He believes that they will win if he puts on the shirt at just the right time before the game starts.(Joshua James Kassner,  Rwanda and the Moral Obligation of Humanitarian Intervention. Edinburgh University Press, 2013)- She said she was approaching 40, and I couldnt help wondering from what direction.(Bob Hope)- The fact that the adult American Negro female emerges a formidable character is often met with amazement, distaste and even belligerence.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 1969)

Evaluate the role of intuition in different areas of knowledge Essays

Evaluate the role of intuition in different areas of knowledge Essays Evaluate the role of intuition in different areas of knowledge Essay Evaluate the role of intuition in different areas of knowledge Essay Intuition is the hunch to turn left at a crossroads when youre lost or the gut feeling that you should choose the third queue in the supermarket because you feel that its the best one. There are those who argue that intuition is in fact not a feeling and but a reasonable and logical choice that your subconscious makes for you. For example when a fireman is inside a burning building and has two seconds to decide if he should turn right or left. He thinks that its his intuition telling him to go left when it could be argued that his subconscious has made a logical calculation of his surroundings and decided that its safest to go left. It could also be argued that intuition is an instinct. If attacked by a bear, your intuition and instinct become the same; both telling you to get away as soon as possible. This is also a decision and action based on reason. Reason tells you that if you that the bear is bigger, more lethal than you and possibly dangerous and so logically it would be better if you left. But then again the fear that you experience when seeing a bear is an emotion and fear usually makes you want to get away. So is intuition based on reason or emotion? Intuition is used in the different areas of knowledge. For example mathematics is an area of knowledge where logic and reason are frequently used. Laws of physics and mathematics, like Newtons three laws and law of exponents, are generally accepted and believed to be true as they have yet to be disproved. They have complex formulas and equations as proof to back up the laws. As most of the worlds population is not very well trained and educated in mathematics and physics we believe in our authorities. In all the mathematicians and physicists who claim that these universally accepted laws are correct. Thus by calculating something we use faith (in our authorities) and the logic that we have been taught in math class to solve a mathematical/physical problem. Thus it would seem that there is no place for intuition in the area of mathematics and natural sciences (in this case physics). However, many of the students in Higher Level Mathematics claim that they often use intuition to help solve difficult problems. That they make a guess because it feels right and hope that it will lead to a correct answer. Sometimes this hunch works, most often not. But a wrong answer is not a necessary failure. You always need to start somewhere and thats where intuition helps. It becomes the hypothesis and if incorrect you learn that this was not the way to solve the problem. Now you have one choice less and are one step closer to the correct answer. Some might say that as mathematics is seen as an area of knowledge where reason and logic often rule then arts could be seen as an area of knowledge where reason and logic isnt used as often and perception senses and emotion rule instead. Art is very personal and quite often requires a lot of imagination. It is also creative and a way to express oneself. Because of this art is emotional, it creates emotional reactions by viewers/listeners/readers and shows the feelings and personality of the artist himself. The artist often writes for example a poem about how the artist feels. Every poem is new and different and so the artist always has to start from scratch which requires intuition. You have to start somewhere and intuition helps to find the right way to go. Intuition in art is also when walking down a street and a melody starts forming in your head or the words to a poem. That is why people who write or compose a lot usually carry with them a small notebook so they can write down all the brilliant ideas that they suddenly come up with. Does art always require intuition and is art always emotional? When painting a portrait of someone or scenery the artist has a model that needs to be copied. This doesnt require imagination nor creativity as there is nothing to be invented or made up from scratch because there already is a correct answer, a model to follow. This then makes art reasonable and logical as all that is required of the artist is talent and technique to know how to copy something successfully. Therefore in some cases art does indeed lack intuition and emotion. This also applies when making decisions based on experience. For example if a song producer wants to add some extra flavour to his latest rap-song he knows that a few more yeahs! or increasing the base will do the trick then his decision is based on experience and not intuition. Our former Theory of Knowledge teacher told us that it is impossible for the human mind to create or think of something that doesnt already exist. This would then mean that we could literary not think outside the box as this would be beyond our brain capacity. If this is true then every form of art is an attempt to copy something that already exists which according to what was said earlier doesnt need intuition. Thus it could be said that there is in fact no place for intuition in art. The counter argument would be to say that even though the artist is trying to copy the feeling misery by writing a poem about it he needs a place to start and a way to express his feelings on the subject and to do this he needs his intuition. So that, when writing his poem on misery he would use intuition to find the right words for his poem.

Management stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management stress - Essay Example During this stage of stress response, the brain will send an emergency signal to other body parts letting them know of the dangerous situation the individual is facing. The individual can either choose a fight or flight reaction. For example, during a bank robbery, an individual may decide to ‘fight’ the robbers or run away from the scene ‘flight’. In an organizational setting, this phase does not usually affect the performance of an employee. This means that too little stress is unlikely to have an effect on the productivity of employees (Quick, Wright, Adkins, Nelson & Quick, 2013). At this stage, an employee will attempt to resist the stressor. This process is initiated so that the individual can regain balance. It is at this stage that the body puts up a fight, and the human body is likely to achieve its maximum activity levels. The body digs deep into its reserve, and an individual usually feels under pressure and is usually very anxious. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law curve, it is at this stage that employees in an organization reach their peak performance. This goes to prove that people will usually work their best when under pressure. However, at this stage an individual’s body is usually very weak and is vulnerable to diseases due to a weakened immune system. At this stage, the human body is no longer able to cope with the stress and the body’s adaptive mechanisms collapse. At this stage, the stress is too much, and the body is usually unable to fight with the stressor. At this phase, an individual is usually tired, broken and exhausted. An individual is likely to have sleeping problems, raised blood pressure, digestive issues and is also at a higher risk of suffering from heart disease. Additionally, the individual may suffer from serious conditions like memory loss, mental illness and impaired judgment. The individual may break down due to feelings of

ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY - Essay Example (2002, p. 163) argued that micro-level theories of social psychology are helpful. Another perspective that was offered was from Ridgeway and Correll (2004, p. 510) who argued that cultural beliefs about gender are the key components that maintain and change the gender system. The International Trade Union Confederation reported in 2009 (p. 16), that the gender mean pay gap in the United Kingdom is 19.8% in favour of males. In the United States, based on the National Educational Longitudinal Survey data, Bobbitt-Zeher found that college-educated men in their mid-20s earn on average about $7,000 more than college-educated women on an annual basis (2007, p. 1). Bobbitt-Zeher (2007, p. 1) pointed out that the gap is still substantial at $4,400 per annum if the men and women have the same or similar credentials, scores on tests, specialization, and degrees from similar colleges. Bobbitt-Zeher elaborated (2007, p. 1) that â€Å"gender differences in fields of study continue to disadvantage women.† Further, â€Å"gender differences in work-related factors are more important than are educational differences for understanding income inequality among young workers† (Bobbitt-Zeher 2007, p. 1). Bobbit-Zeher cited that several studies have articulated t hat education may have realized an important role in reducing gender wage gaps over the past few decades. According to Bobbitt-Zeher (2007, p. 3), the following are the sources of gender-income gap: (1) the tendency for certain college majors to be associated with gender; (2) alleged link between standardized tests and gender; (3) the link between gender and amount of education; and (4) the selectivity of the college attended. Cohen and Huffman (2007, p. 681) reported that women representation in management can be a source of gender-wage gap at the workplace. Cohen and Huffman (2007, p. 681) made the conclusion based on statistical results from three-level hierarchical models on data drawn from the

Culture and American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture and American Foreign Policy - Essay Example America is a migrant society where every citizen has the right to do anything they want, provided they do not infringe on the rights of others. Â  For instance, America is one of the few societies where citizens are constitutionally allowed to own guns for personal and property protection. Â   It is this same projection and protection of freedom that manifests in American foreign policy. A good example of this is the Middle East where the U.S is involved in multiple wars. While there are other factors contributing to these conflicts, the primary reason is the liberation of Middle Eastern people from tyrannical governments, in line with the American culture of liberty for all. Â  Another example is in the Far East. As part of American foreign policy, the United States maintains permanent military basis in both Japan and South Korea. It does this as a protection to both countries from North Korea and China. What is the common difference between China/North Korea and Korea/Japan? The answer is a culture of liberty. China and North Korea are against a culture of personal liberties and hence, are a threat to South Korea and Japan. Â   These scenarios replicate across the world where the United States has a strong show of might in enforcing its foreign policy. On this basis, it is safe to argue that, cultural factors help explain America’s interaction with the outside world. Â  To test this assertion empirically, one can use quantitative techniques to analyze secondary data on U.S foreign interventions.

Good Practice in Handling Information Essay Example for Free

Good Practice in Handling Information Essay Promote good practice in handling information in health and social care setting Outcome 1 Understand requirements for handling information in health and social care settings 1. Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care. OUTCOME 1 1. Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care. All of the staff need to make sure that confidentiality is paramount. Staff have to read and understand the Data Protection Act of 1998. We have to make sure that we are clear about our standards of conduct, that we are expected to meet. We are encouraged to use the codes of conduct to maintain our own practice is good and we need to look at any area’s where we can improve on. When it comes to Medication, staff have to make sure that all stock is listed on the MAR sheet. The Human Rights Act 1998 details the right to a private life. There is also the GSCC code of practice for social care workers, which provides a clear guide for all those who work in social work, setting out the standards of practice and conduct workers and their employers should meet with regards the handling of information. There is also Caldecott standards which govern the sharing of information based on the Data protection Act. 2. Summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care. DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 This legal document sets out eight principles which are in essence a code of good practice for processing personal data. These are * Make sure that  things are processed fairly and lawfully. * Processed only for one or more specified and lawful purpose. * Adequate, relevant and not excessive for those purposes. * Accurate and kept up to date data subjects have the right to have inaccurate personal data corrected or destroyed if the personal information is inaccurate to any matter of fact. * Kept for no longer than is necessary for the purposes it is being processed. * Processed in line with the rights of individuals this includes the right to be informed of all the information held about them, to prevent processing of their personal information for marketing purposes, and to compensation if they can prove they have been damaged by a data controllers non-compliance with the Act. * Secured against accidental loss, destruction or damage and against unauthorised or unlawful processing this applies to you even if your business uses a third party to process personal information on your behalf. * Not transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area the EU plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein that do not have adequate protection for individuals personal information, unless a condition from Schedule four of the Act can be met. Question 2 – Emma’s Pointer When a new resident is admitted, then they need to have a new care plan. The care plan will show all the medication that they are currently on. If they have any allergies to anything. All personal clothing and possessions are listed. We list how much money they have, if it is over  £20.00 then we take it to the office for safety reasons. Where it is documenated for the resident. 1.2 Emma We have to always make sure that we respect confidential information and clearly explain to any angency workers about policies relating to confidnentialy to both residents and carers. 2. Emma’s pointer Smart sheet does not go up to Handout 6 !!! When maintaining records, you need to record residents : Medication and any changes to their medication Doctor’s visit’s or any other professional bodies Contact with the family Any falls that have occurred Body mapping Any illnesse’s need to be recorded Daily notes need to updated how residents have been during the day and also during the night. Emma’s pointer Question 3 Should there be an incident at work then staff need to make sure that they fill out the relevant paperwork, i.e. if there was an accident on the premises then they need to fill out the an accident form, if there are any injuries sustatained to a resident then a 24 hour observation chart needs to be started.

Running on Faith (eric clapton Biography) :: essays research papers

When comparing my free write with the writing diagnostic prompt, it gave me a chance to reminisce on how I became a scribe. To know how to write, one also needs to know how to read. My reading abilities, like most of my peers started in pre-school learning the ABC’s. After learning the basic’s it was in infinite sprint to soak up the knowledge of the world. Over the years, I can credit my parents, teachers, and many books for instilling the knowledge I would need to read and write.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My memories of reading started around the ages of three to five. I can recall the first time I read a book by myself. I was ecstatic. My favorite early child-hood book was with out a doubt Curious George. I had a positive memory of reading. It was not a hard concept for me to grasp. I loved reading anything I could get my hands on. That included newspaper and magazines. I also learned a lot by reading other people. For instance my Dad, he taught me so much about life and what it takes to succeed. He instilled the will to read and learn.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Writing†¦. writing for me is a never-ending struggle to perfect the English language, dialect, sentence structure and any other way I can possibly butcher my native tongue on paper. With so many ways to put ideas on paper, the English language is one of the most free-spirited yet, hardest languages to write. I look at myself as a writer of raw talent, one that needs to be harness to achieve great ideas. My major is pre-journalism, which requires tons of writing, so learning to polish my skills is a big plus at my age right now. I have taken many classes to try and improve my overall writing abilities. In High school I took English AP my junior year, also I did a television class to help write for newscast on the local news station and for the school. I would consider those positive aspects of my writings. One reason is because it was made into a fun style that I really enjoyed. Reading and writing is what one wants is willing to make of it, How many hours of practice will grant one in return a better understanding of the English language.

YouTube Essay -- Technology, Video, Copyrights

Broadcast Yourself YouTube is an online form of entertainment. While some viewers do not appreciate its format, others enjoy watching and creating videos on YouTube. YouTube videos range from being educational, instructional, comedic to amusing. Creating videos to upload to YouTube is being done by people of all ages from all over the world. According to author Alex K. Rich, â€Å"thirty-eight percent of Americans want to distribute content online.†(Rich 1) YouTube has brought about a new form of high quality amusement and entertainment to a lot of its viewers. YouTube â€Å"is a popular video streaming website that displays uploaded video files created or disseminated by its users† (Belanger 1) writes Craig Belanger in his overview of YouTube. It is free and user friendly which makes it very popular. According to Jennifer Sexton this innovative website was founded by three former PayPal employees who had a â€Å"simple desire to capture short videos and share them with others.† (Sexton 1) While their intentions were not to make money and become a popular website, very quickly YouTube’s popularity increased and it is used by many internet users. According to the viewpoint of Alex K. Rich, â€Å"YouTube has lowered the bar for what is considered entertainment†(Rich 1) It is true that a majority of the videos created and uploaded to YouTube are not professional quality, it is a website that allows submitters of all ages and degrees of creativity to make a video. For example, the Lonelygirl15 videos were â€Å"sho t on a $150 web camera and showed that digital videos could be made by anyone.† (Hirschorn 3) The motto of YouTube is â€Å"Broadcast Yourself.† Michael Hirschorn wrote in his article, â€Å"Thank You, YouTube†, that the â€Å"start of low cost videos and its... ...s become part of the culture of the internet and influences things going on in the world today. As a viewer, people become of what is accepted and what is deemed not worth watching. In â€Å"YouTube: Guide to Critical Analysis†, some of the â€Å"videos that YouTube viewers have watched are 1) Soon after YouTube’s launch, clips from the 2006 Winter Olympics were posted, 2) Pop band OK Go won a 2006 Grammy award for a video that had originally achieved notoriety on YouTube and 3) excerpts from â€Å"The Daily Show with Jon Stewart† were regularly featured on YouTube.† (YouTube: Guide to Critical Analysis 2) So, as long as YouTube exists, while some of the videos will be done by professionals wanting to promote their product, there will always be the submitter who wants to â€Å"broadcast themselves† and upload it, even if it is using their cell phone and the use of their internet.

Political Institutions

Political institutions have been around since nearly all human societies were organized tribally. Over time they have developed into various organizational features and eventually taken the shape they do today. They have proven to be fundamental in virtually all societies worldwide and by being so omnipresent we often take these institutions for granted and do not realize how vital they are for our society. Moreover, because they are so important and play such a big part in our society, there is a major purpose to compare them between time and place.Therefore, this paper will first elaborate on explanations for political institutions and through that process come up with a working definition. Furthermore, it will explain why political institutions play such a major role in our society, and lastly it will argue for why we should compare these institutions. There are countless definitions of political institutions making the term somewhat vague (Klingemann & Goodin, 1996; Peters & Pier re, 1998).It refers not only to formal political organizations such as political parties and parliament, but also to informal constraints such as customs, ideals, guidelines and actions (Peters & Pierre, 1998; North 1990). In addition, Wiens (2012) emphasizes that these formal and informal rules establish and stabilize roles. Moreover, although there is no consensus amongst theorists of what makes an institution political (Garret & Lange, 1995), Max Weber (cited in Gerth & Mills, 1946) and Moe (2005) argue that an institution is political if it influences the distribution of power.As a result, for the purpose of this essay I will combine these scholars’ explanations to create a working definition. Political institutions are sets of formal and informal rules that influence the distribution of power, create roles and by combinations of standards, ethics, instructions and procedures stabilize interaction for occupants of those roles (Wiens, 2012; Peters & Pierre, 1998; North, 19 90; Gerth & Mills, 1946; Hall, 1986). Thus for being so ubiquitous, political institutions have profound ramifications for politics and for society at large.Political institutions have been developed by human beings throughout history to generate order and diminish insecurity (North, 1991) One of the main explanations to why they create order is because by influencing the way entities interact in politics, these political institutions significantly affect the potentials for individuals and groups to resolve collective problems and identify shared interest (Weir, 1992; Moe, 2005; Johnson, 2001). One apparent example is how parties create political alliances and in some cases governmental coalitions.Therefore, political institutions are vital as they stabilize and structure interactions (Hall 1986; Przeworski, 2004), and by being forces of stability also offer predictability (Hague & Harrop, 2010). Furthermore, Moe (2005) claims that political institutions essentially exist and are si gnificant because they make people better off. Whereas North (1981; 1990) and Minier (2001) do not fully share this opinion and rather contend that in order to benefit everyone in society and also for the economy to grow rulers have to adopt the correct political institutions.Thus, in order to find what the â€Å"correct† political institutions might be, there is an intrinsic motivation to compare these between time and place. To be able to comprehend the bigger picture of political power it is crucial to understand how political institutions work and in order to develop deeper knowledge about those it is vital to compare them (Beck et al, 2001). Moreover, without comparing there is not much to acquire from a mere description (Pennings, Keman & Kleinnijenhuis, 2005).In other words, returning back to North’s argument, one can hardly know which political institutions that are â€Å"correct† in bringing benefits to everyone by merely observing just one institution. Therefore, a vital reason to compare is to look for useful ideas and to see which political institutions might be good and bad at achieving specific political goals and see if these various institutions can survive in different political settings (Przeworski, 2004; Nikandrov, 1989).In addition, by seeing similarity in difference and difference in similarity and linking ideas and theory to evidence we can gain greater insight and be more aware of alternatives (Friedman, 2011). However, some scholars point to the dangers of comparison (see Faure, 1994; Radhakrishnan, 2009) and it is important to acknowledge those risks. Nevertheless, as Friedman (2011) explains: â€Å"For all the problems and dangers of comparison, in the end it is worse not to compare than to compare† (p. 756).To summarize, first of all political institutions are sets of formal and informal rules that have since the early ages of man stabilized and shaped interactions and outcomes by establishing roles and af fecting power relations. Secondly, political institutions are important because they structure individuals and groups to overcome self-interest and rather cooperate for mutual gain. Furthermore, they create order and by offering predictability they reduce insecurity. In addition, arguably, political institutions can benefit everyone in the society and support in economic growth.Thirdly, we should compare political institutions to learn about valuable ideas, be mindful about possibilities and to see how similar and different institutions functions in various contexts. Lastly, we should compare to get a wider and enhanced understanding of how political institutions function and thus also enables us to further comprehend the mechanics of political power. REFERENCE LIST: Beck, T. , Clarke, G. , Groff, A. , Keefer, P. , & Walsh, P. (2001). New tools in comparative political economy: The database of political institutions. World Bank Economic Review, 15(1), 165-176. Faure, A.M. (1994). So me methodological problems in comparative politics. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6(3), 307-322. Friedman, S. S. (2011). Why not compare? Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 126(3), 753-762. Garret, G. , & Lange, P. (1995). Internationalization, institutions, and political change. International Organization, 49(4), 627-655. Gerth, H. H. , & Mills. C. W. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology. New York, United States: Oxford University Press. Hague, R. , & Harrop, M. (2010). Comparative government and politics: An introduction (8th ed).New York, United States: Palgrave Macmillan. Hall, P. A. (1986). Governing the economy: The politics of state intervention in Britain and France. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Klingemann, H. , & Goodin, R. E. (1996). A new handbook of political science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Johnson, J. (2001). Path contingency in postcommunist transformations. Comparative Politics 33(3) 253-274. Minier, J. (2001). Politica l institutions and economic growth. Philosophy & Technology, 13(4), 85-93. Moe, T. M. (2005). Power and political institutions. Perspectives on Politics, 3(2), 15-233. Nikandrov, N. D. (1989). Cross-national attraction in education. Comparative Education, 25(3), 275-282. North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York, United States: Aldine-Atherton. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. New York, United States: Cambridge University Press. North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112. Radhakrishnan, R. (2009) Why compare? New Literary History, 40(3), 453-471. Pennings, P. , Kleman H. , & Kleinnijenhuis, J. (2005).Doing research in political science. London, UK: Sage Publications Ltd. Peters, B. G. , & Pierre, J. (1998). Institutions and time: Problems of conceptualization and explanation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(4), 565-583. Przeworski, A. (20 04). Institutions matter? Government and Opposition, 39(4), 527-540. Weir, M. (1992). Politics and jobs: The boundaries of employment policy in the United States. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press. Wiens, D. (2012). Prescribing institutions without ideal theory. Journal of Political Philosophy, 20(1), 45-70.